Bruegel; Keith Roberts, Phaidon Press Limited, 1971
The Dutch Table: Gastronomy in the Golden Age of the Netherlands; Gillian Riley, Pomegranate Artbooks, San
Francisco, 1994
Italian Food: An Illustrated Guide to Classic Italian Cooking; Elizabeth David, Smithmark Publishers, 1996
(original date was 1954)
Petits Propos Culinaires, #50, August 1995; "What Was the Old Woman Doing?", Gillian Riley, pages 8-10.
Renaissance Recipes; Gillian Riley, Pomegranate Artbooks, San Francisco, 1993
Still Life: Still Life Painting in the Early Modern Period; Norbert Schneider, Benedikt Taschen, Cologne, 1994
Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands 1550-1720; Alan Chong & Wouter Kloek, Waanders Publishers,
Zwolle, 1999 (From the exhibition at the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam)
Bruegel, the Compete Paintings (the Elder, c. 1525-1569); Rose-Marie and Rainer Hagen, Benedikt Taschen,
Cologne, 2000
The Fine Art of Food; Reay Tannahill, Folio Society, 1968
Art, Culture & Cuisine: Ancient & Medieval Gastronomy; Phyllis Pray Bober, University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, 1999
ARTBOOKS AND COMMENTARY
Italian Food (Elizabeth David)
Front cover:
Apple: surface feeder (moth), rot around hole; insect is quarantined in US today
Grapes: shriveled on on top is in early stage of "noble rot"; makes wine sweeter by increasing sugar content; bottom corner one is in later stage; "dustiness" on those on left indicate they are just picked
Pear leaf on left=pear scab; pear in center shows pear scab
Big leaf on top left is bacterial rot (comes down on veins of leaf)
Center leaf: classic Japanese beetle feeding
Lower left leaf: powdery (or downy?) mildew
6 Scappi's kitchen interiors
9-10 Scappi's pots, utensils
13-15 kitchens, knives
18 vessels
29 ricotta
36 pretzels, pots (might be in still life book)
52 market; breads, vegetables
Vegetables: 54 (cauliflower), 55 (marrows), 58 (beans), 59 (peas) 164 (artichokes, strawberries), 180-181 (cherries), 183 (citrons, lemons), 193 (cherries), 200-201 (plums, figs)
84 kitchen details; (tarts/empanadas), spitting birds, display of plate
88 bean eater
128 fancy pie, serving vessels
131 pie baker (fresco detail)
132 banquet table setting (early 1500s)
150 variety of dead birds
172 sweetmeats
Renaissance Recipes (Gillian Riley)
Front cover:
Plate on bottom right, the lettuces have viral infection (tightly crinkly, yellow-y). It's perfectly edible. On lower leaf in vase, round hole is Japanese beetle.
Back cover:
Sooty mold (Meliola sp.) on right-hand leaves; usually associated with aphids. Cricket and mollusk are major pests for pomegranates; see damage on center of fruit.
Frontispiece:
Utensils, mortar & pestle, dishes, plate displays (2), rolling pin & pie dough, pan with bottom design, "empanadas"
style='font-size:10.0pt'>14 table setting (1400s)
34 chicken studded with cloves; plates
39 Fennel has several small insect galls. Note shadow behind drawing. Perhaps is representation of pressed plants on page.
42 plates, Renaissance kitchen
44-45 Italian Renaissance dining hall, credenzas
58 Carrot root turning is due to depth at which soil is hand-tilled. "Hard pan" underneath causes root to turn. Compare with p. 27, Still Life (Schneider).
70 Slightly out-of-period picnic; breads covered with napkins; pie; designs on salads
72 Tablecloth, meat, dinner setting
74 Sepal attachment with no brown line (see p. 89 also); moth
76 Dried salt pork
80 Plum blush, just picked. Insect feeding - round spots on leaves, fruits
81 Artichoke, confections, shrimp
82 More classic picture for unripeness than on p. 89. Artichokes show 3 stages of a post harvest disease (not identified). Green, less disease; yellow, more; brown, most.
84 New World foods, 1652
85 2nd fruit from left (pear) has Schizothyrium pomi, aka "fly speck". (Little tiny dark dots) Easy to control today; perfectly edible. Green tomato is upside down, has crack, another fertility problem (manganese deficiency).
87 Plucking fowl, including turkeys
89 Butterfly is a quarantined pest; external feeder. Alpine strawberries (the originals); have many viruses in them which is reason they are small and sweet. Modern strawberries had viruses bred out; larger but woody tasting. Note developmental stages of strawberries on lower vine. In bowl, 3 "dots" in center grouping are where sepals attach. Brown/dark line around this indicates "water cracking", a fertility problem; lack of magnesium, etc. Fruit that isn't perfect gives off more odors to insect pests. White bottoms are more indicative of disease than unripeness (white where fruit lies, on side, rather than on bottom).
Jan Brueghel (1606, son of Pieter Brueghel known for peasants), Van Huysum (1706+) looked for rare and unusual species to paint.
76 Grapes are beginning "noble rot".
108 Sanitized, idealized painting of foods; compare with others. Compare with some in Schneider's Still Life (e.g., p. 27)
120 Lower right, Asian longhorn beetle; recently introduced into US; tremendous pest
129, 131 Bacterial cheeses as opposed to fungal ones
Categories of foods:
Bread : 38, 45, 46, 72, 129, 131 (fancy), 153
Tablecloths & napkins: 39 (damask), 108, 131, 144, 145
Pies & tarts : 41, 116 (swan pie), 144 (turkey pie, in feathers, 1627), 196 & 201 (peacock pie)
Ham : 41 (cloves, skin pulled back), 47, 76, 153 (cloves & mustard), 172 (mustard pot), 174, 201, 240
Utensils, pans, pots: 44, 105, 137, 211, 237
Fruit paste: 45, 127
Confections & boxes: 45, 126, 127
Pretzels: 129, 105
Butter knob: 105
Corn: 114 (1668), 273 (1685), 282 (1714)
Miscellaneous food comments:
* Citrus fruits such as lemons and citron, as well as figs, nuts, rue, are an antidote against poison and should therefore be eaten first. (p. 75, 76)
* Wine's virtues include powers to counteract harmful effects of foods risky to eat (mushrooms, pumpkin, strawberries, black raspberries, quinces, pears, peaches, melon).
* Oysters should be eaten with "drying condiments" such as salt, pepper, lemon for astringency
* Carving manual shows method of carving ham, rind pulled back, slices carved from bone, individual helping on small "table plate". (p. 77)
* Onions reduce harmfulness of meat and fish. (p. 78)
* Eat nuts after fish to reduce the possibility of poison from spoiled fish. (p 78)
Still Life (Schneider)
Categories:
Goblets: 21, 86, 100, 101, 104, 105, 114, 115
Bread: 21, 29, 49, 45, 73, 93, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105, 106
Fish: 24
Vegetables: 24, 26, 27, 38/39
Waffles: 28, 32
Carrots: 26 (orange), 32 (purple)
Pretzels: 35, 102
Fruit paste: 93
Confections: pages 88-99
Confection boxes: 93, 99
Pie: 104, 114
Corn: 153 (1648), 199 (1660?; detail on 202)
27 Melon on right center has Colletotrichum, a disease that makes cracks. Carrots had deeper tilling. Turnips (left bottom) have Rhizoctonia, a soil saprophyte (fungus that lives off dead things). Still around today ("scurf"). Cauliflower not as pretty. Beans have "anthracnose"; note dark lining on seam, spots.
32 Purple, yellow carrots. White are carrots? Not parsnips? Grapes have a different rot; note V shape (a dry rot).
33 Rhizoctonia: root rot on left. Dry rot on gourd to left of it; note dark spots below yellowish part. Celery at bottom shows insect feeding, soft rot (bacterial) inside. Cabbage looper moth (see p. 88)
35 Butter knob, tarts, many meats, pretzels, lard
37 Mushrooms show fly feeding on stems; tremendous pest even today.
46 Velazquez's woman cooking eggs. See Petits Propos Culinaires, #50, p. 8.
98 Fly speck on cherries
123 Fly is surface feeding insect; see its damage on peach. Leaf in upper right has gray mold. Lacewing (upper left) is beneficial insect; eats small larvae. Lower right, salamander is eating fruit; soft rot (gelling) has started.
The Dutch Table (Gillian Riley)
Pages:
9 Still life with ham , pie, bread, seafood, fruits, artichoke
10 Larding a hare; table setting with bread & napkin
22 Bread, fish, fruits, vegetables
23 Bread, pottery bowls, meat, napakins
27 Pretzels, grater hanging on wall
28 Vegetables (larger picture in Still-Life Paintings from the Netherlands)
32 Seafood, colander, salad herbs, borage flowers
43 Pretzels, decorated breads, bread bowls??
51 Marchpane with rosemary and decorations, confections
52 Chopping bowl for onions
56-57 Close-up of the butter knob, pretzel, tart, lard painting
57 Peacock pie, stuffed loin of veal
61 Detail of fruit (meat?) pie, tough crust
62 Another pie
65 Large chopping bowl
71 Kitchen scene, pans, meats, vegetables
75 Pretzels, confections, seafood
77 Seafood, fancy breads in basket
78 Strainer, pot
80 Alphabet cookies, dried fruit, sugar, pickled lemons, etc.
82 Confections, rolled wafer
85 Alphabet cookies, confections
86-87 Pancakes cooked over open fire
90 Potatoes
Bruegel (Keith Roberts)
Cover:
Tarts/pies carried in on doors used as "serving trays".
Page:
2 (opposite) Waffle maker with fire, eggs, milk
3 Rectangular waffles; waffles or breads on sticks; waffles in hat band
Comment: Waffles were common during Carnival time prior to Lent. (Brueghel: The Complete Paintings, Rose-Marie and Rainer Hagen, p. 67.)
Arcimboldo (Diana Craig)
Pages:
14 Corn (1563); similar depiction on 39, 61, 73
30-31 "The Cook"
Arcimboldo (1527-1593) incorporated fruits, vegetables, fish, etc., into portraits and paintings.
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